How is Google combating Click Fraud?

Google is taking active part in detecting and combating Click fraud as this is important to keep the advertisers happy. Their AdWords program is reportedly generating around 95% of its revenue, and the success of the programs rests on providing a profitable ROI for its advertisers. The truth is that the battle is still mostly led privately. One just has to keep his eyes wide open and be the watchdog of the way his or her advertising activity performs. This constitutes an inconvenient for many advertisers as well as for publishers, who think their job would be to ensure quality content for their sites and not waste time sniffing around and keeping their eyes on the stats, thinking it's Googles job to ensure click safety. They have taken steps in the direction of protecting advertisers, it has a quite complex monitoring system (analyzing a multitude of parameters beyond CTR) that uses both engineering systems and human analysis and they are on continuous activity of upgrading their detection mechanisms to combat fraudulent activity. Last year, they have also improved their smart pricing system, so as to charge the advertiser in accordance with the analysis of the probability of a click converting or not. Once an invalid activity tracked this is what Google does: Advertisers are not charged for clicks or impressions that were identified as fraudulent. Or refunds are made if the case. Publishers are not judged starting from the assumption of innocence and are severely penalized without much debate: AdSense™ account dismantled. They give no guarantee for the possibility of account reinstatement although they state their opening for discussion, considering the possibility of sabotage.